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Distributed caching in ASP.NET Core guardrex Learn how to use an ASP.NET Core distributed cache to improve app performance and scalability, especially in a cloud or server farm environment. >= aspnetcore-2.1 riande mvc 08/27/2019 performance/caching/distributed

Distributed caching in ASP.NET Core

By Luke Latham and Steve Smith

A distributed cache is a cache shared by multiple app servers, typically maintained as an external service to the app servers that access it. A distributed cache can improve the performance and scalability of an ASP.NET Core app, especially when the app is hosted by a cloud service or a server farm.

A distributed cache has several advantages over other caching scenarios where cached data is stored on individual app servers.

When cached data is distributed, the data:

  • Is coherent (consistent) across requests to multiple servers.
  • Survives server restarts and app deployments.
  • Doesn't use local memory.

Distributed cache configuration is implementation specific. This article describes how to configure SQL Server and Redis distributed caches. Third party implementations are also available, such as NCache (NCache on GitHub). Regardless of which implementation is selected, the app interacts with the cache using the xref:Microsoft.Extensions.Caching.Distributed.IDistributedCache interface.

View or download sample code (how to download)

Prerequisites

::: moniker range=">= aspnetcore-3.0"

To use a SQL Server distributed cache, add a package reference to the Microsoft.Extensions.Caching.SqlServer package.

To use a Redis distributed cache, add a package reference to the Microsoft.Extensions.Caching.StackExchangeRedis package.

::: moniker-end

::: moniker range="= aspnetcore-2.2"

To use a SQL Server distributed cache, reference the Microsoft.AspNetCore.App metapackage or add a package reference to the Microsoft.Extensions.Caching.SqlServer package.

To use a Redis distributed cache, reference the Microsoft.AspNetCore.App metapackage and add a package reference to the Microsoft.Extensions.Caching.StackExchangeRedis package. The Redis package isn't included in the Microsoft.AspNetCore.App package, so you must reference the Redis package separately in your project file.

::: moniker-end

::: moniker range="< aspnetcore-2.2"

To use a SQL Server distributed cache, reference the Microsoft.AspNetCore.App metapackage or add a package reference to the Microsoft.Extensions.Caching.SqlServer package.

To use a Redis distributed cache, reference the Microsoft.AspNetCore.App metapackage and add a package reference to the Microsoft.Extensions.Caching.Redis package. The Redis package isn't included in the Microsoft.AspNetCore.App package, so you must reference the Redis package separately in your project file.

::: moniker-end

IDistributedCache interface

The xref:Microsoft.Extensions.Caching.Distributed.IDistributedCache interface provides the following methods to manipulate items in the distributed cache implementation:

Establish distributed caching services

Register an implementation of xref:Microsoft.Extensions.Caching.Distributed.IDistributedCache in Startup.ConfigureServices. Framework-provided implementations described in this topic include:

Distributed Memory Cache

The Distributed Memory Cache (xref:Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection.MemoryCacheServiceCollectionExtensions.AddDistributedMemoryCache*) is a framework-provided implementation of xref:Microsoft.Extensions.Caching.Distributed.IDistributedCache that stores items in memory. The Distributed Memory Cache isn't an actual distributed cache. Cached items are stored by the app instance on the server where the app is running.

The Distributed Memory Cache is a useful implementation:

  • In development and testing scenarios.
  • When a single server is used in production and memory consumption isn't an issue. Implementing the Distributed Memory Cache abstracts cached data storage. It allows for implementing a true distributed caching solution in the future if multiple nodes or fault tolerance become necessary.

The sample app makes use of the Distributed Memory Cache when the app is run in the Development environment in Startup.ConfigureServices:

::: moniker range=">= aspnetcore-3.0"

[!code-csharp]

::: moniker-end

::: moniker range="< aspnetcore-3.0"

[!code-csharp]

::: moniker-end

Distributed SQL Server Cache

The Distributed SQL Server Cache implementation (xref:Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection.SqlServerCachingServicesExtensions.AddDistributedSqlServerCache*) allows the distributed cache to use a SQL Server database as its backing store. To create a SQL Server cached item table in a SQL Server instance, you can use the sql-cache tool. The tool creates a table with the name and schema that you specify.

Create a table in SQL Server by running the sql-cache create command. Provide the SQL Server instance (Data Source), database (Initial Catalog), schema (for example, dbo), and table name (for example, TestCache):

dotnet sql-cache create "Data Source=(localdb)\MSSQLLocalDB;Initial Catalog=DistCache;Integrated Security=True;" dbo TestCache

A message is logged to indicate that the tool was successful:

Table and index were created successfully.

The table created by the sql-cache tool has the following schema:

SqlServer Cache Table

[!NOTE] An app should manipulate cache values using an instance of xref:Microsoft.Extensions.Caching.Distributed.IDistributedCache, not a xref:Microsoft.Extensions.Caching.SqlServer.SqlServerCache.

The sample app implements xref:Microsoft.Extensions.Caching.SqlServer.SqlServerCache in a non-Development environment in Startup.ConfigureServices:

::: moniker range=">= aspnetcore-3.0"

[!code-csharp]

::: moniker-end

::: moniker range="< aspnetcore-3.0"

[!code-csharp]

::: moniker-end

[!NOTE] A xref:Microsoft.Extensions.Caching.SqlServer.SqlServerCacheOptions.ConnectionString* (and optionally, xref:Microsoft.Extensions.Caching.SqlServer.SqlServerCacheOptions.SchemaName* and xref:Microsoft.Extensions.Caching.SqlServer.SqlServerCacheOptions.TableName*) are typically stored outside of source control (for example, stored by the Secret Manager or in appsettings.json/appsettings.{ENVIRONMENT}.json files). The connection string may contain credentials that should be kept out of source control systems.

Distributed Redis Cache

Redis is an open source in-memory data store, which is often used as a distributed cache. You can use Redis locally, and you can configure an Azure Redis Cache for an Azure-hosted ASP.NET Core app.

::: moniker range=">= aspnetcore-3.0"

An app configures the cache implementation using a xref:Microsoft.Extensions.Caching.StackExchangeRedis.RedisCache instance (xref:Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection.StackExchangeRedisCacheServiceCollectionExtensions.AddStackExchangeRedisCache*) in a non-Development environment in Startup.ConfigureServices:

[!code-csharp]

::: moniker-end

::: moniker range="= aspnetcore-2.2"

An app configures the cache implementation using a xref:Microsoft.Extensions.Caching.StackExchangeRedis.RedisCache instance (xref:Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection.StackExchangeRedisCacheServiceCollectionExtensions.AddStackExchangeRedisCache*) in a non-Development environment in Startup.ConfigureServices:

[!code-csharp]

::: moniker-end

::: moniker range="< aspnetcore-2.2"

An app configures the cache implementation using a xref:Microsoft.Extensions.Caching.Redis.RedisCache instance (xref:Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection.RedisCacheServiceCollectionExtensions.AddDistributedRedisCache*):

services.AddDistributedRedisCache(options =>
{
    options.Configuration = "localhost";
    options.InstanceName = "SampleInstance";
});

::: moniker-end

To install Redis on your local machine:

Use the distributed cache

To use the xref:Microsoft.Extensions.Caching.Distributed.IDistributedCache interface, request an instance of xref:Microsoft.Extensions.Caching.Distributed.IDistributedCache from any constructor in the app. The instance is provided by dependency injection (DI).

::: moniker range=">= aspnetcore-3.0"

When the sample app starts, xref:Microsoft.Extensions.Caching.Distributed.IDistributedCache is injected into Startup.Configure. The current time is cached using xref:Microsoft.Extensions.Hosting.IHostApplicationLifetime (for more information, see Generic Host: IHostApplicationLifetime):

[!code-csharp]

::: moniker-end

::: moniker range="< aspnetcore-3.0"

When the sample app starts, xref:Microsoft.Extensions.Caching.Distributed.IDistributedCache is injected into Startup.Configure. The current time is cached using xref:Microsoft.AspNetCore.Hosting.IApplicationLifetime (for more information, see Web Host: IApplicationLifetime interface):

[!code-csharp]

::: moniker-end

The sample app injects xref:Microsoft.Extensions.Caching.Distributed.IDistributedCache into the IndexModel for use by the Index page.

Each time the Index page is loaded, the cache is checked for the cached time in OnGetAsync. If the cached time hasn't expired, the time is displayed. If 20 seconds have elapsed since the last time the cached time was accessed (the last time this page was loaded), the page displays Cached Time Expired.

Immediately update the cached time to the current time by selecting the Reset Cached Time button. The button triggers the OnPostResetCachedTime handler method.

::: moniker range=">= aspnetcore-3.0"

[!code-csharp]

::: moniker-end

::: moniker range="< aspnetcore-3.0"

[!code-csharp]

::: moniker-end

[!NOTE] There's no need to use a Singleton or Scoped lifetime for xref:Microsoft.Extensions.Caching.Distributed.IDistributedCache instances (at least for the built-in implementations).

You can also create an xref:Microsoft.Extensions.Caching.Distributed.IDistributedCache instance wherever you might need one instead of using DI, but creating an instance in code can make your code harder to test and violates the Explicit Dependencies Principle.

Recommendations

When deciding which implementation of xref:Microsoft.Extensions.Caching.Distributed.IDistributedCache is best for your app, consider the following:

  • Existing infrastructure
  • Performance requirements
  • Cost
  • Team experience

Caching solutions usually rely on in-memory storage to provide fast retrieval of cached data, but memory is a limited resource and costly to expand. Only store commonly used data in a cache.

Generally, a Redis cache provides higher throughput and lower latency than a SQL Server cache. However, benchmarking is usually required to determine the performance characteristics of caching strategies.

When SQL Server is used as a distributed cache backing store, use of the same database for the cache and the app's ordinary data storage and retrieval can negatively impact the performance of both. We recommend using a dedicated SQL Server instance for the distributed cache backing store.

Additional resources