AspNetCore.Docs/aspnetcore/tutorials/first-web-api.md

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Build a web API with ASP.NET Core MVC and Visual Studio | Microsoft Docs	rick-anderson	Build a web API with ASP.NET Core MVC and Visual Studio	ASP.NET Core, WebAPI, Web API, REST	riande	wpickett	03/14/2017	article	830b4af5-ed14-423e-9f59-764a6f13a8f6	aspnet	asp.net-core	tutorials/first-web-api

Building Your First Web API with ASP.NET Core MVC and Visual Studio

By Mike Wasson and Rick Anderson

HTTP is not just for serving up web pages. It’s also a powerful platform for building APIs that expose services and data. HTTP is simple, flexible, and ubiquitous. Almost any platform that you can think of has an HTTP library, so HTTP services can reach a broad range of clients, including browsers, mobile devices, and traditional desktop apps.

In this tutorial, you’ll build a simple web API for managing a list of "to-do" items. You won’t build any UI in this tutorial.

ASP.NET Core has built-in support for MVC building Web APIs.

Note: If you are porting an existing Web API app to ASP.NET Core, see Migrating from ASP.NET Web API

See Create a Web API app on Mac or Linux with Visual Studio Code for the cross-platform platform version of this tutorial.

Overview

Here is the API that you’ll create:

API	Description	Request body	Response body
GET /api/todo	Get all to-do items	None	Array of to-do items
GET /api/todo/{id}	Get an item by ID	None	To-do item
POST /api/todo	Add a new item	To-do item	To-do item
PUT /api/todo/{id}	Update an existing item	To-do item	None
DELETE /api/todo/{id}	Delete an item	None	None

The following diagram shows the basic design of the app.

• The client is whatever consumes the web API (browser, mobile app, and so forth). We aren’t writing a client in this tutorial. We'll use Postman to test the app.

• A model is an object that represents the data in your application. In this case, the only model is a to-do item. Models are represented as simple C# classes (POCOs).

• A controller is an object that handles HTTP requests and creates the HTTP response. This app will have a single controller.

• To keep the tutorial simple, the app doesn’t use a persistent database. Instead, it stores to-do items in an in-memory database.

Create the project

From Visual Studio, select File menu, > New > Project.

Select the ASP.NET Core Web Application (.NET Core) project template. Name the project TodoApi and select OK.

In the New ASP.NET Core Web Application (.NET Core) - TodoApi dialog, select the Web API template. Select OK. Do not select Enable Docker Support.

Add support for Entity Framework Core

Install the Entity Framework Core InMemory database provider. This database provider allows Entity Framework Core to be used with an in-memory database.

Edit the TodoApi.csproj file. In Solution Explorer, right-click the project. Select Edit TodoApi.csproj. In the ItemGroup element, add the highlighted PackageReference:

[!code-xmlMain]

Add a model class

A model is an object that represents the data in your application. In this case, the only model is a to-do item.

Add a folder named "Models". In Solution Explorer, right-click the project. Select Add > New Folder. Name the folder Models.

Note: You can put model classes anywhere in your project, but the Models folder is used by convention.

Add a TodoItem class. Right-click the Models folder and select Add > Class. Name the class TodoItem and select Add.

Replace the generated code with:

[!code-csharpMain]

• The [Key] data annotation denotes the property, Key, is a unique identifier.
• [DatabaseGenerated specifies the database will generate the key (rather than the application).
• DatabaseGeneratedOption.Identity specifies the database should generate integer keys when a row is inserted.

Create the database context

The database context is the main class that coordinates Entity Framework functionality for a given data model. You create this class by deriving from the Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.DbContext class.

Add a TodoContext class. Right-click the Models folder and select Add > Class. Name the class TodoContext and select Add.

[!code-csharpMain]

Add a repository class

A repository is an object that encapsulates the data layer. The repository contains logic for retrieving and mapping data to an entity model. Create the repository code in the Models folder.

Defining a repository interface named ITodoRepository. Use the class template (Add New Item > Class).

[!code-csharpMain]

This interface defines basic CRUD operations.

Add a TodoRepository class that implements ITodoRepository:

[!code-csharpMain]

Build the app to verify you don't have any compiler errors.

Register the repository

By defining a repository interface, we can decouple the repository class from the MVC controller that uses it. Instead of instantiating a TodoRepository inside the controller we will inject an ITodoRepository using the built-in support in ASP.NET Core for dependency injection.

This approach makes it easier to unit test your controllers. Unit tests should inject a mock or stub version of ITodoRepository. That way, the test narrowly targets the controller logic and not the data access layer.

In order to inject the repository into the controller, we need to register it with the DI container. Open the Startup.cs file. The code below also registers the in-memory database.

In the ConfigureServices method, add the highlighted code:

[!code-csharpMain]

Add a controller

In Solution Explorer, right-click the Controllers folder. Select Add > New Item. In the Add New Item dialog, select the Web API Controller Class template. Name the class TodoController.

Replace the generated code with the following (and add closing braces):

[!code-csharpMain]

This defines an empty controller class. In the next sections, we'll add methods to implement the API.

Getting to-do items

To get to-do items, add the following methods to the TodoController class.

[!code-csharpMain]

These methods implement the two GET methods:

• GET /api/todo

• GET /api/todo/{id}

Here is an example HTTP response for the GetAll method:

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
   Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8
   Server: Microsoft-IIS/10.0
   Date: Thu, 18 Jun 2015 20:51:10 GMT
   Content-Length: 82

   [{"Key":"4f67d7c5-a2a9-4aae-b030-16003dd829ae","Name":"Item1","IsComplete":false}]

Later in the tutorial I'll show how you can view the HTTP response using Postman.

Routing and URL paths

The [HttpGet] attribute specifies an HTTP GET method. The URL path for each method is constructed as follows:

• Take the template string in the controller’s route attribute, [Route("api/[controller]")]
• Replace "[Controller]" with the name of the controller, which is the controller class name minus the "Controller" suffix. For this sample, the controller class name is TodoController and the root name is "todo". ASP.NET Core routing is not case sensitive.
• If the [HttpGet] attribute has a route template (such as [HttpGet("/products")], append that to the path. This sample doesn't use a template. See Attribute routing with Http[Verb] attributes for more information.

In the GetById method:

[HttpGet("{id}", Name = "GetTodo")]
public IActionResult GetById(string id)

"{id}" is a placeholder variable for the ID of the todo item. When GetById is invoked, it assigns the value of "{id}" in the URL to the method's id parameter.

Name = "GetTodo" creates a named route and allows you to link to this route in an HTTP Response. I'll explain it with an example later. See Routing to Controller Actions for detailed information.

Return values

The GetAll method returns an IEnumerable. MVC automatically serializes the object to JSON and writes the JSON into the body of the response message. The response code for this method is 200, assuming there are no unhandled exceptions. (Unhandled exceptions are translated into 5xx errors.)

In contrast, the GetById method returns the more general IActionResult type, which represents a wide range of return types. GetById has two different return types:

• If no item matches the requested ID, the method returns a 404 error. This is done by returning NotFound.

• Otherwise, the method returns 200 with a JSON response body. This is done by returning an ObjectResult

Launch the app

In Visual Studio, press CTRL+F5 to launch the app. Visual Studio launches a browser and navigates to http://localhost:port/api/values, where port is a randomly chosen port number. If you're using Chrome, Edge or Firefox, the data will be displayed. If you're using IE, IE will prompt to you open or save the values.json file. Navigate to the Todo controller we just created http://localhost:port/api/todo.

Implement the other CRUD operations

We'll add Create, Update, and Delete methods to the controller. These are variations on a theme, so I'll just show the code and highlight the main differences. Build the project after adding or changing code.

Create

[!code-csharpMain]

This is an HTTP POST method, indicated by the [HttpPost] attribute. The [FromBody] attribute tells MVC to get the value of the to-do item from the body of the HTTP request.

The CreatedAtRoute method returns a 201 response, which is the standard response for an HTTP POST method that creates a new resource on the server. CreatedAtRoute also adds a Location header to the response. The Location header specifies the URI of the newly created to-do item. See 10.2.2 201 Created.

Use Postman to send a Create request

• Set the HTTP method to POST
• Select the Body radio button
• Select the raw radio button
• Set the type to JSON
• In the key-value editor, enter a Todo item such as

{
	"name":"walk dog",
	"isComplete":true
}

• Select Send

• Select the Headers tab in the lower pane and copy the Location header:

You can use the Location header URI to access the resource you just created. Recall the GetById method created the "GetTodo" named route:

[HttpGet("{id}", Name = "GetTodo")]
public IActionResult GetById(string id)

Update

[!code-csharpMain]

Update is similar to Create, but uses HTTP PUT. The response is 204 (No Content). According to the HTTP spec, a PUT request requires the client to send the entire updated entity, not just the deltas. To support partial updates, use HTTP PATCH.

Delete

[!code-csharpMain]

The response is 204 (No Content).

Next steps

• Routing to Controller Actions
• For information about deploying your API, see Publishing and Deployment.
• View or download sample code
• Postman
• Fiddler