AspNetCore.Docs/aspnetcore/fundamentals/index.md

title	author	description	monikerRange	ms.author	ms.custom	ms.date	uid
ASP.NET Core fundamentals	rick-anderson	Learn the foundational concepts for building ASP.NET Core apps.	>= aspnetcore-2.1	riande	mvc	05/11/2019	fundamentals/index

ASP.NET Core fundamentals

This article is an overview of key topics for understanding how to develop ASP.NET Core apps.

The Startup class

The Startup class is where:

• Services required by the app are configured.
• The request handling pipeline is defined.

Services are components that are used by the app. For example, a logging component is a service. Code to configure (or register) services is added to the Startup.ConfigureServices method.

The request handling pipeline is composed as a series of middleware components. For example, a middleware might handle requests for static files or redirect HTTP requests to HTTPS. Each middleware performs asynchronous operations on an HttpContext and then either invokes the next middleware in the pipeline or terminates the request. Code to configure the request handling pipeline is added to the Startup.Configure method.

Here's a sample Startup class:

[!code-csharp]

For more information, see xref:fundamentals/startup.

Dependency injection (services)

ASP.NET Core has a built-in dependency injection (DI) framework that makes configured services available to an app's classes. One way to get an instance of a service in a class is to create a constructor with a parameter of the required type. The parameter can be the service type or an interface. The DI system provides the service at runtime.

Here's a class that uses DI to get an Entity Framework Core context object. The highlighted line is an example of constructor injection:

[!code-csharp]

While DI is built in, it's designed to let you plug in a third-party Inversion of Control (IoC) container if you prefer.

For more information, see xref:fundamentals/dependency-injection.

Middleware

The request handling pipeline is composed as a series of middleware components. Each component performs asynchronous operations on an HttpContext and then either invokes the next middleware in the pipeline or terminates the request.

By convention, a middleware component is added to the pipeline by invoking its Use... extension method in the Startup.Configure method. For example, to enable rendering of static files, call UseStaticFiles.

The highlighted code in the following example configures the request handling pipeline:

[!code-csharp]

ASP.NET Core includes a rich set of built-in middleware, and you can write custom middleware.

For more information, see xref:fundamentals/middleware/index.

Host

An ASP.NET Core app builds a host on startup. The host is an object that encapsulates all of the app's resources, such as:

• An HTTP server implementation
• Middleware components
• Logging
• DI
• Configuration

The main reason for including all of the app's interdependent resources in one object is lifetime management: control over app startup and graceful shutdown.

::: moniker range=">= aspnetcore-3.0"

Two hosts are available: the Generic Host and the Web Host. The Generic Host is recommended, and the Web Host is available only for backwards compatibility.

The code to create a host is in Program.Main:

[!code-csharp]

The CreateDefaultBuilder and ConfigureWebHostDefaults methods configure a host with commonly used options, such as the following:

• Use Kestrel as the web server and enable IIS integration.
• Load configuration from appsettings.json, appsettings.{Environment Name}.json, environment variables, command line arguments, and other configuration sources.
• Send logging output to the console and debug providers.

For more information, see xref:fundamentals/host/generic-host.

::: moniker-end

::: moniker range="< aspnetcore-3.0"

Two hosts are available: the Web Host and the Generic Host. In ASP.NET Core 2.x, the Generic Host is only for non-web scenarios.

The code to create a host is in Program.Main:

[!code-csharp]

The CreateDefaultBuilder method configures a host with commonly used options, such as the following:

• Use Kestrel as the web server and enable IIS integration.
• Load configuration from appsettings.json, appsettings.{Environment Name}.json, environment variables, command line arguments, and other configuration sources.
• Send logging output to the console and debug providers.

For more information, see xref:fundamentals/host/web-host.

::: moniker-end

Non-web scenarios

The Generic Host allows other types of apps to use cross-cutting framework extensions, such as logging, dependency injection (DI), configuration, and app lifetime management. For more information, see xref:fundamentals/host/generic-host and xref:fundamentals/host/hosted-services.

Servers

An ASP.NET Core app uses an HTTP server implementation to listen for HTTP requests. The server surfaces requests to the app as a set of request features composed into an HttpContext.

::: moniker range=">= aspnetcore-2.2"

Windows

ASP.NET Core provides the following server implementations:

• Kestrel is a cross-platform web server. Kestrel is often run in a reverse proxy configuration using IIS. In ASP.NET Core 2.0 or later, Kestrel can be run as a public-facing edge server exposed directly to the Internet.
• IIS HTTP Server is a server for windows that uses IIS. With this server, the ASP.NET Core app and IIS run in the same process.
• HTTP.sys is a server for Windows that isn't used with IIS.

macOS

ASP.NET Core provides the Kestrel cross-platform server implementation. In ASP.NET Core 2.0 or later, Kestrel can be run as a public-facing edge server exposed directly to the Internet. Kestrel is often run in a reverse proxy configuration with Nginx or Apache.

Linux

ASP.NET Core provides the Kestrel cross-platform server implementation. In ASP.NET Core 2.0 or later, Kestrel can be run as a public-facing edge server exposed directly to the Internet. Kestrel is often run in a reverse proxy configuration with Nginx or Apache.

---

::: moniker-end

::: moniker range="< aspnetcore-2.2"

Windows

ASP.NET Core provides the following server implementations:

• Kestrel is a cross-platform web server. Kestrel is often run in a reverse proxy configuration using IIS. In ASP.NET Core 2.0 or later, Kestrel can be run as a public-facing edge server exposed directly to the Internet.
• HTTP.sys is a server for Windows that isn't used with IIS.

macOS

ASP.NET Core provides the Kestrel cross-platform server implementation. In ASP.NET Core 2.0 or later, Kestrel can be run as a public-facing edge server exposed directly to the Internet. Kestrel is often run in a reverse proxy configuration with Nginx or Apache.

Linux

ASP.NET Core provides the Kestrel cross-platform server implementation. In ASP.NET Core 2.0 or later, Kestrel can be run as a public-facing edge server exposed directly to the Internet. Kestrel is often run in a reverse proxy configuration with Nginx or Apache.

---

::: moniker-end

For more information, see xref:fundamentals/servers/index.

Configuration

ASP.NET Core provides a configuration framework that gets settings as name-value pairs from an ordered set of configuration providers. There are built-in configuration providers for a variety of sources, such as .json files, .xml files, environment variables, and command-line arguments. You can also write custom configuration providers.

For example, you could specify that configuration comes from appsettings.json and environment variables. Then when the value of ConnectionString is requested, the framework looks first in the appsettings.json file. If the value is found there but also in an environment variable, the value from the environment variable would take precedence.

For managing confidential configuration data such as passwords, ASP.NET Core provides a Secret Manager tool. For production secrets, we recommend Azure Key Vault.

For more information, see xref:fundamentals/configuration/index.

Options

Where possible, ASP.NET Core follows the options pattern for storing and retrieving configuration values. The options pattern uses classes to represent groups of related settings.

For example, the following code sets WebSockets options:

var options = new WebSocketOptions  
{  
   KeepAliveInterval = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(120),  
   ReceiveBufferSize = 4096
};  
app.UseWebSockets(options);

For more information, see xref:fundamentals/configuration/options.

Environments

Execution environments, such as Development, Staging, and Production, are a first-class notion in ASP.NET Core. You can specify the environment an app is running in by setting the ASPNETCORE_ENVIRONMENT environment variable. ASP.NET Core reads that environment variable at app startup and stores the value in an IHostingEnvironment implementation. The environment object is available anywhere in the app via DI.

The following sample code from the Startup class configures the app to provide detailed error information only when it runs in development:

[!code-csharp]

For more information, see xref:fundamentals/environments.

Logging

ASP.NET Core supports a logging API that works with a variety of built-in and third-party logging providers. Available providers include the following:

• Console
• Debug
• Event Tracing on Windows
• Windows Event Log
• TraceSource
• Azure App Service
• Azure Application Insights

Write logs from anywhere in an app's code by getting an ILogger object from DI and calling log methods.

Here's sample code that uses an ILogger object, with constructor injection and the logging method calls highlighted.

[!code-csharp]

The ILogger interface lets you pass any number of fields to the logging provider. The fields are commonly used to construct a message string, but the provider can also send them as separate fields to a data store. This feature makes it possible for logging providers to implement semantic logging, also known as structured logging.

For more information, see xref:fundamentals/logging/index.

Routing

A route is a URL pattern that is mapped to a handler. The handler is typically a Razor page, an action method in an MVC controller, or a middleware. ASP.NET Core routing gives you control over the URLs used by your app.

For more information, see xref:fundamentals/routing.

Error handling

ASP.NET Core has built-in features for handling errors, such as:

• A developer exception page
• Custom error pages
• Static status code pages
• Startup exception handling

For more information, see xref:fundamentals/error-handling.

Make HTTP requests

An implementation of IHttpClientFactory is available for creating HttpClient instances. The factory:

• Provides a central location for naming and configuring logical HttpClient instances. For example, a github client can be registered and configured to access GitHub. A default client can be registered for other purposes.
• Supports registration and chaining of multiple delegating handlers to build an outgoing request middleware pipeline. This pattern is similar to the inbound middleware pipeline in ASP.NET Core. The pattern provides a mechanism to manage cross-cutting concerns around HTTP requests, including caching, error handling, serialization, and logging.
• Integrates with Polly, a popular third-party library for transient fault handling.
• Manages the pooling and lifetime of underlying HttpClientMessageHandler instances to avoid common DNS problems that occur when manually managing HttpClient lifetimes.
• Adds a configurable logging experience (via ILogger) for all requests sent through clients created by the factory.

For more information, see xref:fundamentals/http-requests.

Content root

The content root is the base path to any private content used by the app, such as its Razor files. By default, the content root is the base path for the executable hosting the app. An alternative location can be specified when building the host.

::: moniker range=">= aspnetcore-3.0"

For more information, see Content root.

::: moniker-end

::: moniker range="< aspnetcore-3.0"

For more information, see Content root.

::: moniker-end

Web root

The web root (also known as webroot) is the base path to public, static resources, such as CSS, JavaScript, and image files. The static files middleware will only serve files from the web root directory (and sub-directories) by default. The web root path defaults to {Content Root}/wwwroot, but a different location can be specified when building the host.

In Razor (.cshtml) files, the tilde-slash ~/ points to the web root. Paths beginning with ~/ are referred to as virtual paths.

For more information, see xref:fundamentals/static-files.