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title author description monikerRange ms.author ms.custom ms.date uid
Response Caching Middleware in ASP.NET Core guardrex Learn how to configure and use Response Caching Middleware in ASP.NET Core. >= aspnetcore-1.1 riande mvc 02/20/2019 performance/caching/middleware

Response Caching Middleware in ASP.NET Core

By Luke Latham and John Luo

View or download sample code (how to download).

This article explains how to configure Response Caching Middleware in an ASP.NET Core app. The middleware determines when responses are cacheable, stores responses, and serves responses from cache. For an introduction to HTTP caching and the ResponseCache attribute, see Response Caching.

Package

::: moniker range=">= aspnetcore-2.1"

Reference the Microsoft.AspNetCore.App metapackage or add a package reference to the Microsoft.AspNetCore.ResponseCaching package.

::: moniker-end

::: moniker range="= aspnetcore-2.0"

Reference the Microsoft.AspNetCore.All metapackage or add a package reference to the Microsoft.AspNetCore.ResponseCaching package.

::: moniker-end

::: moniker range="= aspnetcore-1.1"

Add a package reference to the Microsoft.AspNetCore.ResponseCaching package.

::: moniker-end

Configuration

In Startup.ConfigureServices, add the middleware to the service collection.

[!code-csharp]

Configure the app to use the middleware with the UseResponseCaching extension method, which adds the middleware to the request processing pipeline. The sample app adds a Cache-Control header to the response that caches cacheable responses for up to 10 seconds. The sample sends a Vary header to configure the middleware to serve a cached response only if the Accept-Encoding header of subsequent requests matches that of the original request. In the code example that follows, CacheControlHeaderValue and HeaderNames require a using statement for the Microsoft.Net.Http.Headers namespace.

[!code-csharp]

Response Caching Middleware only caches server responses that result in a 200 (OK) status code. Any other responses, including error pages, are ignored by the middleware.

[!WARNING] Responses containing content for authenticated clients must be marked as not cacheable to prevent the middleware from storing and serving those responses. See Conditions for caching for details on how the middleware determines if a response is cacheable.

Options

The middleware offers three options for controlling response caching.

Option Description
UseCaseSensitivePaths Determines if responses are cached on case-sensitive paths. The default value is false.
MaximumBodySize The largest cacheable size for the response body in bytes. The default value is 64 * 1024 * 1024 (64 MB).
SizeLimit The size limit for the response cache middleware in bytes. The default value is 100 * 1024 * 1024 (100 MB).

The following example configures the middleware to:

  • Cache responses smaller than or equal to 1,024 bytes.
  • Store the responses by case-sensitive paths (for example, /page1 and /Page1 are stored separately).
services.AddResponseCaching(options =>
{
    options.UseCaseSensitivePaths = true;
    options.MaximumBodySize = 1024;
});

VaryByQueryKeys

When using MVC/Web API controllers or Razor Pages page models, the ResponseCache attribute specifies the parameters necessary for setting the appropriate headers for response caching. The only parameter of the ResponseCache attribute that strictly requires the middleware is VaryByQueryKeys, which doesn't correspond to an actual HTTP header. For more information, see ResponseCache Attribute.

When not using the ResponseCache attribute, response caching can be varied with the VaryByQueryKeys feature. Use the ResponseCachingFeature directly from the IFeatureCollection of the HttpContext:

var responseCachingFeature = context.HttpContext.Features.Get<IResponseCachingFeature>();
if (responseCachingFeature != null)
{
    responseCachingFeature.VaryByQueryKeys = new[] { "MyKey" };
}

Using a single value equal to * in VaryByQueryKeys varies the cache by all request query parameters.

HTTP headers used by Response Caching Middleware

Response caching by the middleware is configured using HTTP headers.

Header Details
Authorization The response isn't cached if the header exists.
Cache-Control The middleware only considers caching responses marked with the public cache directive. Control caching with the following parameters:
  • max-age
  • max-stale†
  • min-fresh
  • must-revalidate
  • no-cache
  • no-store
  • only-if-cached
  • private
  • public
  • s-maxage
  • proxy-revalidate‡
†If no limit is specified to max-stale, the middleware takes no action.
‡proxy-revalidate has the same effect as must-revalidate.

For more information, see RFC 7231: Request Cache-Control Directives.
Pragma A Pragma: no-cache header in the request produces the same effect as Cache-Control: no-cache. This header is overridden by the relevant directives in the Cache-Control header, if present. Considered for backward compatibility with HTTP/1.0.
Set-Cookie The response isn't cached if the header exists. Any middleware in the request processing pipeline that sets one or more cookies prevents the Response Caching Middleware from caching the response (for example, the cookie-based TempData provider).
Vary The Vary header is used to vary the cached response by another header. For example, cache responses by encoding by including the Vary: Accept-Encoding header, which caches responses for requests with headers Accept-Encoding: gzip and Accept-Encoding: text/plain separately. A response with a header value of * is never stored.
Expires A response deemed stale by this header isn't stored or retrieved unless overridden by other Cache-Control headers.
If-None-Match The full response is served from cache if the value isn't * and the ETag of the response doesn't match any of the values provided. Otherwise, a 304 (Not Modified) response is served.
If-Modified-Since If the If-None-Match header isn't present, a full response is served from cache if the cached response date is newer than the value provided. Otherwise, a 304 (Not Modified) response is served.
Date When serving from cache, the Date header is set by the middleware if it wasn't provided on the original response.
Content-Length When serving from cache, the Content-Length header is set by the middleware if it wasn't provided on the original response.
Age The Age header sent in the original response is ignored. The middleware computes a new value when serving a cached response.

Caching respects request Cache-Control directives

The middleware respects the rules of the HTTP 1.1 Caching specification. The rules require a cache to honor a valid Cache-Control header sent by the client. Under the specification, a client can make requests with a no-cache header value and force the server to generate a new response for every request. Currently, there's no developer control over this caching behavior when using the middleware because the middleware adheres to the official caching specification.

For more control over caching behavior, explore other caching features of ASP.NET Core. See the following topics:

Troubleshooting

If caching behavior isn't as expected, confirm that responses are cacheable and capable of being served from the cache. Examine the request's incoming headers and the response's outgoing headers. Enable logging to help with debugging.

When testing and troubleshooting caching behavior, a browser may set request headers that affect caching in undesirable ways. For example, a browser may set the Cache-Control header to no-cache or max-age=0 when refreshing a page. The following tools can explicitly set request headers and are preferred for testing caching:

Conditions for caching

  • The request must result in a server response with a 200 (OK) status code.
  • The request method must be GET or HEAD.
  • In Startup.Configure, Response Caching Middleware must be placed before middleware that require compression. For more information, see xref:fundamentals/middleware/index.
  • The Authorization header must not be present.
  • Cache-Control header parameters must be valid, and the response must be marked public and not marked private.
  • The Pragma: no-cache header must not be present if the Cache-Control header isn't present, as the Cache-Control header overrides the Pragma header when present.
  • The Set-Cookie header must not be present.
  • Vary header parameters must be valid and not equal to *.
  • The Content-Length header value (if set) must match the size of the response body.
  • The IHttpSendFileFeature isn't used.
  • The response must not be stale as specified by the Expires header and the max-age and s-maxage cache directives.
  • Response buffering must be successful, and the size of the response must be smaller than the configured or default SizeLimit.
  • The response must be cacheable according to the RFC 7234 specifications. For example, the no-store directive must not exist in request or response header fields. See Section 3: Storing Responses in Caches of RFC 7234 for details.

[!NOTE] The Antiforgery system for generating secure tokens to prevent Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) attacks sets the Cache-Control and Pragma headers to no-cache so that responses aren't cached. For information on how to disable antiforgery tokens for HTML form elements, see ASP.NET Core antiforgery configuration.

Additional resources